Encyclia

Encyclia
Encyclia adenocaula plate from Lindenia Iconographie des Orchidées
Scientific Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family:Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Epidendreae SubTribe: Laeliinae Alliance: Cattleya Genus: Encyclia Hooker 1828 Type Species Encyclia viridiflora

Encyclia is a genus of orchids. The abbreviation in the horticultural trade is Encycl.

Distribution

The epiphytic genus occurs in Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, Mexico and tropical America in forests in lowlands and at altitudes up to 1000 meters. The distribution of the species is more or less evenly spread throughout this area.

Description

The terminal leaves grow from thickened pseudobulbs. The flowers arise from an apical inflorescence. This genus is pollinated by bees and birds. There are normally eight pollinia, but in some subgroups this is reduced to four.

Culture

Plants grow in cool to warm conditions and can be grown in medium size fir bark with perlite. Plant prefers drying periods between watering and bright light is recommended. Lengthen drying period a bit in the winter.

Taxonomy

Cladistic research has shown that Encyclia sensu stricto is monophyletic. This genus was originally included in Epidendrum until William Jackson Hooker separated it from that genus in 1828.

The genera Euchile, Prosthechea and Dinema were separated from Encyclia, based on a morphological analysis (Higgins, 1997) There are a number of intergeneric hybrids with Encyclia. Most intergeneric hybrids using Encyclia species used the Genus Epidendrum for naming. This has recently changed.

Naming

The genus name comes from Greek enkykleomai ("to encircle"), referring to the lateral lobes of the lip which encircle the column.

Synonyms

1. Sulpitia Raf.
2. Amphiglottis Salisb. 1812
3. Anacheilium Hoffmannsegg 1842
4. Aulizeum Lindley ex Stein 1892
5. Dinema Lindley 1831
6. Epicladium Small 1913
7. Hormidium Lindley ex Heynth. 1841
8. Microstylis Nutt. 1822
9. Prosthechea Kn. & Westc. 1838

Species

Encyclia acutifolia Schltr. (1923) Encyclia adenocarpa (Lex.) Schltr. (1914) Encyclia adenocaula (Lex.) Schltr. (1918) : Rough-stemmed Encyclia Encyclia advena (Rchb.f.) Porto & Brade (1935) : Advent Encyclia Encyclia aenicta Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) : Bronze Encyclia Encyclia alata (Bateman) Schltr., (1914) Encyclia alata subsp. alata : Winged Encyclia Encyclia alata subsp. parviflora (Regel) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) Encyclia alata subsp. virella Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) Encyclia albopurpurea (Barb.Rodr.) Porto & Brade (1935) Encyclia alboxanthina Fowlie (1990) Encyclia altissima Schltr. (1914) : Very Tall Encyclia Encyclia amazonica Brongn. ex Neumann (1846) Encyclia ambigua (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Ambiguous Encyclia Encyclia andrichii N.L.Menezes (1992) Encyclia angustifolia (Sw.) Schltr. (1918) Encyclia angustiloba Schltr. (1921) Encyclia argentinensis (Speg.) Hoehne (1952) : Argentine Encyclia Encyclia aspera (Lindl.) Schltr. (1918) : Rough-stalked Encyclia Encyclia asperula Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1973 publ. 1974) : Asperulous Encyclia Encyclia auyantepuiensis Carnevali & I.Ramírez (1994) Encyclia bipapularis (Rchb.f.) Acuña (1939) Encyclia bohnkiana V.P.Castro & Campacci (1999) : Bohnk's Encyclia Encyclia bracteata Schltr. ex Hoehne (1930) : Bracted Encyclia Encyclia bractescens (Lindl.) Hoehne (1952) : Bractescent Encyclia Encyclia bradfordii (Griseb.) Carnevali & I.Ramírez (1986) Encyclia bragancae Ruschi (1976) Encyclia caicensis Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1978) Encyclia calderoniae Soto Arenas (2002 publ. 2003) Encyclia candollei (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Candole's Encyclia Encyclia caximboensis L.C.Menezes (1992) : Caiximbo Encyclia Encyclia cajalbanensis Múj.Benítez (2005) Encyclia ceratistes (Lindl.) Schltr. (1919) : Horned-columned Encyclia Encyclia chapadensis N.L.Menezes (1993) : Chapada dos Viadeiros Encyclia Encyclia chiapasensis Withner & D.G.Hunt (1994) : Chiapas Encyclia Encyclia chironii V.P.Castro & J.B.F.Silva (2004) Encyclia chloroleuca (Hook.) Neumann (1846) : Green-and-white Encyclia Encyclia conchichila (Barb.Rodr.) Porto & Brade (1935) Encyclia contrerasii R.Gonzalez (1997) Encyclia cordigera (Kunth) Dressler (1964) : Large-lipped Encyclia Encyclia cyanocolumna (Ames, F.T.Hubb. & C.Schweinf.) Dressler (1961) Encyclia cyperifolia (C.Schweinf.) Carnevali & I.Ramírez (1993) : Sword-leafed Encyclia Encyclia dasilvae V.P.Castro & Campacci (2000) Encyclia davidhuntii Withner & M.Fuente (2001) : David Hunt's Encyclia Encyclia dichroma (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Two-colored Encyclia Encyclia diota (Lindl.) Schltr. (1918) : Two-eared Encyclia Encyclia diota subsp. atrorubens (Rolfe) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) Encyclia diota subsp. diota Encyclia distantiflora (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) Encyclia diurna (Jacq.) Schltr. (1919) : Daytime Encyclia Encyclia duveenii Pabst (1976) Encyclia edithiana L.C.Menezes (1996) : Edith's Encyclia Encyclia elegantula Dressler (2004) : Elegant Encyclia Encyclia euosma (Rchb.f.) Porto & Brade (1935) Encyclia expansa (Rchb.f.) P.Ortiz (1991) : Expanded Encyclia Encyclia fehlingii (Sauleda) Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1981) Encyclia flabellata (Lindl.) B.F.Thurst. & W.R.Thurst. (1977) Encyclia flava (Lindl.) Porto & Brade (1935) : Yellow Encyclia Encyclia fowliei Duveen (1990) : Fowlie's Encyclia Encyclia fucata (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Brown-veined Encyclia Encyclia gallopavina (Rchb.f.) Porto & Brade (1935) : Peacock-like Encyclia Encyclia garzonensis Withner (2000) Encyclia ghillanyi Pabst (1976) Encyclia gonzalezii L.C.Menezes (1991) : Gonzalez' Encyclia Encyclia gracilis (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Graceful Encyclia Encyclia granitica (Lindl.) Schltr. (1919) : Granite-growing Encyclia Encyclia gravida (Lindl.) Schltr. (1918) Encyclia guadalupeae R.Gonzalez & Alvarado (1999) : Guadalupe Encyclia Encyclia guatemalensis (Klotzsch) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) : Guatemalan Encyclia Encyclia guianensis Carnevali & G.A.Romero (1994) Encyclia hanburyi (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Hanbury's Encyclia Encyclia hermentiana Brongn. ex Neumann (1846) Encyclia howardii (Ames & Correll) Hoehne (1952) : Howard's Encyclia Encyclia huebneri Schltr. (1925) Encyclia huertae Soto Arenas & R.Jiménez (2002 publ. 2003) : Ground-dwelling Encyclia Encyclia inaguensis Nash ex Britton & Millsp. (1920) : Inagua Encyclia Encyclia incumbens (Lindl.) Mabb. (1984) : Aromatic Encyclia Encyclia ionosma (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Violet-scented Encyclia Encyclia isochila (Rchb.f.) Dod (1986) : Equal-lipped Encyclia Encyclia ivoniae Carnevali & G.A.Romero (1994) Encyclia kennedyi (Fowlie & Withner) Hágsater (1973) : Kennedy's Encyclia Encyclia kermesina (Lindl.) P.Ortiz (1995) Encyclia kienastii (Rchb.f.) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) Encyclia kingsii (C.D.Adams) Nir (1994) : King's Encyclia Encyclia kundergraberi V.P.Castro & Campacci (1998) : Kundergraeber's Encyclia Encyclia leucantha Schltr. (1919) Encyclia lineariloba Withner, (2001) Encyclia lorata Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1974) : Strap-leafed Encyclia Encyclia luteorosea (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) : Yellow-pink Encyclia Encyclia maderoi Schltr. (1920) Encyclia magdalenae Withner (2000) : Magdalena Encyclia Encyclia magnicallosa (C.Schweinf.) Pabst (1967 publ. 1972) Encyclia mapuerae (Huber) Brade & Pabst (1951) Encyclia maravalensis Withner (1995) Encyclia marxiana Campacci (2003) Encyclia meliosma (Rchb.f.) Schltr. (1918) : Honey-sweet Encyclia Encyclia microbulbon (Hook.) Schltr. (1918) : Small-bulbed Encyclia Encyclia microtos (Rchb.f.) Hoehne, (1952) : Tiny-eared Encyclia Encyclia monteverdensis M.A.Díaz & Ackerman (2004) Encyclia mooreana (Rolfe) Schltr. (1914) : Moore's Encyclia Encyclia naranjapatensis Dodson (1977) : Naranjapata Encyclia Encyclia nematocaulon (A.Rich.) Acuña (1939) : Thread-stemmed Encyclia Encyclia nizandensis Pérez-García & Hágsater (2002 publ. 2003) Encyclia obtusa (A.DC.) Schltr. (1918) Encyclia oestlundii (Ames, F.T.Hubb. & C.Schweinf.) Hágsater & Stermitz (1983) : Oestlund's Encyclia Encyclia oncidioides (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Oncidium-like Encyclia Encyclia osmantha (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. (1914) : Capart's Scented Encyclia Encyclia oxypetala (Lindl.) Schltr. (1918) Encyclia oxyphylla Schltr. (1925) Encyclia pachyantha (Lindl.) Hoehne (1952) Encyclia paraensis V.P.Castro & A.Cardoso (2003) Encyclia parallela (Lindl.) P.Ortiz (1995) "Encyclia parviflora" Withner (1998) Encyclia parviloba (Fawc. & Rendle) Nir (1994) Encyclia patens Hook. (1830) : Spreading-flowered Encyclia Encyclia pauciflora (Barb.Rodr.) Porto & Brade (1935) : Few-flowered Encyclia Encyclia peraltensis (Ames) Dressler (1997) Encyclia perplexa (Ames, F.T.Hubb. & C.Schweinf.) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) Encyclia phoenicea (Lindl.) Neumann (1846) : Phoenician Encyclia Encyclia picta (Lindl.) Hoehne (1952) Encyclia pilosa (C.Schweinf.) Carnevali & I.Ramírez (1993) Encyclia plicata (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Pleated Encyclia Encyclia pollardiana (Withner) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) : Pollard's Encyclia Encyclia profusa (Rolfe) Dressler & G.E.Pollard (1971) : Profuse Encyclia Encyclia pyriformis (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Pear-shaped Encyclia Encyclia randii (Barb.Rodr.) Porto & Brade (1935) Encyclia recurvata Schltr. (1919) Encyclia replicata (Lindl.) Schltr. (1920) : Folded-lip Encyclia Encyclia rufa (Lindl.) Britton & Millsp. (1920) : Bahama Encyclia Encyclia rzedowskiana Soto Arenas (2002 publ. 2003) Encyclia santos-dumontii L.C.Menezes (1992) Encyclia sclerocladia (Lindl. ex Rchb.f.) Hoehne (1952) : Stiff-stalked Encyclia Encyclia seidelii Pabst (1976) : Seidel's Encyclia Encyclia selligera (Bateman ex Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Saddle-lipped Encyclia Encyclia silvana Campacci (2003) Encyclia spatella (Rchb.f.) Schltr. (1924) : Spatulate-petaled Encyclia Encyclia spiritusanctensis L.C.Menezes (1990) : Espirito Santo Encyclia Encyclia steinbachii Schltr. (1922) : Steinbach's Encyclia Encyclia stellata (Lindl.) Schltr. (1914) : Starry Alanje Encyclia Encyclia suaveolens Dressler (1968 publ. 1971) : Sweet-smelling Encyclia Encyclia subulatifolia (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Dressler (1961) : Awl-shaped Encyclia Encyclia tampensis (Lindl.) Small (1913) : Florida Butterfly Orchid Encyclia tenuissima (Ames, F.T.Hubb. & C.Schweinf.) Dressler (1961) Encyclia thrombodes (Rchb.f.) Schltr. (1921) Encyclia tocantinensis V.P.Castro & Campacci (1996) Encyclia trachycarpa (Lindl.) Schltr (1918) : Rough-fruited Encyclia Encyclia trautmannii Senghas (2001) Encyclia triangulifera (Rchb.f.) Acuña (1939) : Triangular Encyclia Encyclia tripartita (Vell.) Hoehne (1952) Encyclia tuerckheimii Schltr. (1918) : Tuerckheim's Encyclia Encyclia unaensis Fowlie (1991) : Una Encyclia Encyclia uxpanapensis Salazar (1999) Encyclia viridiflora Hook. (1828) Encyclia withneri (Sauleda) Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1981) : Withner's Encyclia Encyclia xerophytica Pabst (1976) : Desert Encyclia Encyclia xipheroides (Kraenzl.) Porto & Brade (1935) Encyclia yauaperyensis (Barb.Rodr.) Porto & Brade (1935) : Yauapery Encyclia

Natural hybrids

• Encyclia × alcardoi V.P.Castro & Chiron (2002) (Encyclia argentinensis × Encyclia flava)
• Encyclia × bajamarensis Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1981) (Encyclia gracilis × Encyclia rufa)
• Encyclia × guzinskii Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1990) (Encyclia altissima × Encyclia plicata)
• Encyclia × hillyerorum Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1990) (Encyclia fehlingii × Encyclia fucata)
• Encyclia × knowlesii Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1990) (Encyclia fehlingii × Encyclia plicata)
• Encyclia × lleidae Sauleda & R.M.Adams, (1984) (Encyclia gracilis × Encyclia plicata)
• Encyclia × lucayana Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1981) (Encyclia fahlingii × Encyclia gracilis)
• Encyclia × raganii Sauleda & R.M.Adams (1984) (Encyclia altissima × Encyclia gracilis)

References

• Wesley E. Higgins, Cássio van den Berg, and W. Mark Whittenc - A Combined Molecular Phylogeny of Encyclia (Orchidaceae) and Relationships within Laeliinae; Selbyana Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 165–179.